Health risks associated with bathing in sea water.

Health risks associated with bathing in sea water.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To find out whether bathing in sewage polluted waters implies a danger to bathers' health and to determine the best microbiological indicator to predict the relation between bathing and the appearance of some symptoms. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING City of Santander (north of Spain). PARTICIPANTS From the people going to four Santander beaches in the period from 1 July to 1...

Human Health Risks Associated with Water Reuse

Health effects and risks of sauna bathing.

OBJECTIVES To study physiological, therapeutic and adverse effects of sauna bathing with special reference to chronic diseases, medication and special situations (pregnancy, children). STUDY DESIGN A literature review. METHODS Experiments of sauna bathing were accepted if they were conducted in a heated room with sufficient heat (80 to 90 degrees C), comfortable air humidity and adequate ve...

Bathing Water Quality and Health Implications

Considerable controversy exists with respect to water quality at bathing beaches. In the UK, South Wales beaches appear to be at the forefront regarding these views. An exhaustive study investigating water quality and health was carried out at Barry Island, Wales during the summer tourist season. The beach is a very popular holiday resort and attracts some 850,000 during the summer months. It i...

Elevated Bathing-Associated Disease Risks Despite Certified Water Quality: A Cohort Study

Bacteriological water quality criteria have been recommended to ensure bathers' health. However, this risk-assessment approach is based mainly on routine measurements of fecal pollution indicator bacteria in seawater, and may not be adequate to protect bathers effectively. The aim of this study was to assess the risks of symptoms related to infectious diseases among bathers after exposure to se...